Amazon Review - "Before the Dawn" by Eugenio Zolli.
Here is the Amazon review. Give me a "helpful" vote if you are so inclined.
Eugenio Zolli was born Israel Zolli. Zolli was the chief rabbi of Rome before and during the Nazi occupation of Rome during the period between 1943 and 1944. In February of 1944, Zolli converted to Catholicism. This book is Zolli’s thoughts about the nature of conversion, man’s relationship to God, his reflections on Christ and Judaism and various experiences that he had on his journey to Christianity.
Zolli is presently best known as a kind of “bit player” in the contemporary “Pius Wars,” i.e., in the attack on the papacy of Pius XII, which typically involves the charge that Pius XII was “Hitler’s Pope” and was either an anti-Semite or criminally indifferent to the circumstances of the Jews. Zolli’s memory gets “played” as a trump on these claims; the argument goes, inasmuch as the chief Rabbi of Rome converted to Catholicism immediately after the German occupation of Rome and took as his baptismal name the name “Eugenio,” in honor of the Eugenio Pacelli, who was Pius XII, this is evidence that Pius XII was not an anti-Semite or indifferent to the situation of Jews.
I began my reading of “Before the Dawn” with this view in mind. I had known the remarkable story of the conversion of the chief Rabbi of Rome for some time, but
after reading John Cornwell’s “Hitler’s Pope,” I realized that I didn’t actually know anything about Zolli other than the broadest of talking points. I thought that by reading Zolli’s book, I might get some insight into the circumstances of Jews during the Nazi occupation of Rome which would be useful in assessing the charge that Pius XII foreswore his moral responsibility by, according to Cornwell, failing to give warning to the Jewish community of the impending Nazi round-up of Jews.
Zolli’s book does provide some fascinating insights into the situation of Jews under Italian fascism, and the perspective of leaders of the Roman Jewish community during the Nazi occupation, but the gist of his book is not historical or autobiographical. Rather it is the closest thing to The Confessions of St. Augustine that I’ve read. Zolli follows the same style of St. Augustine of interspersing the autobiographical portions of his life with extended theological meditations. Large parts of Zolli’s books are taken up by his meditation on the meaning of Jewish practices, the significance of studying the law, the nature of conversion, his early and continuing love of the crucified Christ and other meditations. I was taken up by these meditations are would recommend reading the book for these parts by themselves. Zolli provides an off-hand reflection on the nature of law and justice, and its distortion by “Hitlerism” that is far deeper and more useful than anything found in Cornwell’s “Hitler’s Pope.” (See Before the Dawn, p. 132.)
Reading Zolli’s meditations on Christ convinced me of his claim that he was a convert in the making for decades before his actual conversion. The stereotype story of Zolli is that he converted out of gratitude for Pius’ generosity to the Jewish community. Zolli denies that gratitude toward Pius was his motivation, and that seems abundantly clear from his meditations. On the other hand, Zolli affirms that he was grateful to Pius because he had seen throughout the war how it was Catholics who had engaged in acts of mercy and charity toward Jews and other persecuted people during the war at the behest of Pius.
The historical material is actually “few and far between.” What impressed and surprised me was the absence of anti-Semitism in his recollections of his growing up in Polish Austria. His elementary school was composed of Christians and Jews who conspired together against the teacher. One of his friends was a Christian and he was impressed by the love and charity of that friend’s mother toward him and his friend. Christians often gave small Christmas gifts to him.
Even during the Fascist years in Italy, Zolli found ecumenical hope. He tells the story about how he met with anti-Semitic rabble-rouser in Trieste – through the auspices of a Catholic priest – and how he persuaded that anti-Semite to reconsider with the question, “[w]as Christ a Hebrew according to the flesh.” (Id. At p. 130.)
Zolli’s recollections reveal a person of good nature and wisdom. The recollections are free of the bitterness that Zolli would have been entitled to in light of his mistreatment by his adopted Italian homeland and by his fellow men.
Zolli’s discussion of the period of the Nazi occupation of Rome is extremely insightful. Today, we tend to think that everyone knew and comprehended the enormity of the Final Solution during World War II. A large part of the attack on Pius’ purported silence is premised on the idea that Pius knew then what we know now. Reading about the debate in the Roman Jewish community about the proper response to the Nazi occupation of Rome is a useful reminder to us that people living at the time did not have same opportunity to truly comprehend the utter scope of the evil of the Final Solution.
When the Nazis occupied Rome, Zolli knew that his name was at the top any SS list for the deportation of Jews. Other Rabbis had been among the first in their communities to have been rounded up, tortured, deported and murdered. Zolli had also translated documents from Jewish refugees that had described the Nazi murder of Jews for the Italian Jewish community. So, when the Germans occupied Rome, he argued that the Jewish community should go into hiding, avoid the synagogue and take refuge with Catholics who would hide them from the Nazis.
Perplexingly, Zolli’s recommendations were resisted by the leaders of the Jewish community who believed that abandoning the jobs and the synagogue would be an unmanly cowardice. These leaders even fired synagogue employees who did not show up for work. Zolli points out that these leaders relied on the assurances of their contacts in the Italian government that no persecution, round-up or deportation of Jews in Rome would occur.
Of course, we know now that these leaders were wrong and that approximately 1,000 of the 8,000 members of the Jewish community were deported to their deaths by the Nazis. Nonetheless, it is a historical reminder to us that when the Final Solution was occurring, even those with the most to lose by not trusting the Nazis did trust what they thought was the reasonableness or common decency of the Nazis.
This ties in directly with Cornwall’s claim in “Hitler’s Pope” that the Pius XII failed to give a warning to the Jewish Community that might have saved lives. As we see from Zolli’s recounting of events, history is not as neat as the finger-pointing of a polemicist with an agenda. The Jewish community was warned, and nonetheless its leaders decided – in good faith – to believe the assurances that they had been given because they feared to appear to be cowardly.
Zolli also provides details of the Vatican’s offer of the gold demanded by the Germans in lieu of hostages from the Jewish community. According to Zolli’s eyewitness recounting:
“The Vatican had already spent millions in aiding fugitive Jews to reach safety. I said, “the New Testament does not abandon the Old. Please help me. As for repayment, I myself shall stand as surety, and since I am poor, the Hebrews of the whole world will contribute to pay the debt.”
Both the Treasurer and the Monsignori were moved. The Treasurer disappeared, and after a few minutes returned. He had gone to the Holy Father. “Come back shortly before one ‘clock. The offices will be deserted, but two or three employees will be here waiting for you and will give you the package. You may leave a receipt in the form of a simply note. There will be no difficulty.”
Cornwell does not mention this incident in “Hitler’s Pope.” He mentions another incident involving a different offer to loan the gold to the Jewish community. He also smears the memory of this generosity by depicting the offer as some kind of niggardly business deal. Obviously, it was no such thing. Even if it was nominally described as a “loan,” in a business deal, no one seriously would simply hand over pounds of gold on the basis of a receipt, without the terms of repayment, without security, without interest, without a fixed date for repayment. By offering to provide the gold without repayment specified, the Vatican was expressing its hope, confidence and prayers that there would be a Jewish community in the future.
Modern readers can learn much from Zolli’s book. I recommend it strongly.
Update:
Here is a fascinating article from 1998 about Zolli's daughter's reflections on her father.
Zolli was quite clear. In his book Antisemitismo (today, like all of his works, almost impossible to find), he wrote: "World Jewry owes a great debt of gratitude to the holiness of Pius XII for his repeated and pressing appeals for justice on behalf of the Jews and, when these did not prevail, for his strong protests against evil laws and procedures."
Miriam, too, believes the image of a pontiff imprisoned by his own fears in the Vatican palaces is a myth.
"When the Nazis asked for 50 kilograms (110 pounds) of gold to spare the lives of the inhabitants of the Portico d'Ottavia (a Jewish quarter of central Rome)," she recalls, "my father, almost in despair, rushed to the Vatican and spoke with the Vatican's treasurer, Monsignor Nogara. Through Nogara, Pius XII made it clear to my father that the Vatican would place at his disposition the 15 kilos (33 pounds) that were lacking. From that moment, my father established a relationship of human sympathy, almost of identification, with Pacelli."
Unfortunately, the gold did not serve to placate the Nazis. Between the 15th and 16th of October, the Germans rounded up the Jews of the ghetto.
"My father," Miriam recalls, "had understood this as well: how things would turn out in the end. He did not trust the SS and previously had suggested to the leaders of the community that they bum the registers and make the people flee the city. They thought his fears exaggerated, that he was a prophet of doom. This was in part because they had received assurances from the chief of Rome's police force, Carmine Senise. In the end, nearly all of them died."
It seems thought that even 50 years after his death, Zolli is still being made the subject of vicious personal attacks.
This is from the Wiki article on "Hitler's Pope":
According to Miriam Zolli, the Catholic daughter of Israel Zolli (later Eugenio Maria Zolli after he became a Catholic), World War II Chief Rabbi of Rome, Cornwell does not consider the context of what he calls Pius XII's silence in the face of Nazism and anti-semitism. In a 1998 interview with Inside the Vatican, she stated, "Pacelli and my father were tragic figures in a world where every moral reference point had been lost. An abyss of evil had opened up, but ordinary people did not believe it and the great ones — Roosevelt, Stalin, de Gaulle — were silent. Pius XII had understood that Hitler would not descend to pacts with anyone, that his madness was of the type that could explode in any direction, in the massacre of German Catholics or in the bombing of Rome, and he acted in the light of this knowledge. The Pope was like a person constrained to move in solitude among the lunatics of an insane asylum. He did what he could. His silence must be read in that context, as an act of prudence, not of cowardice." Zolli has stated that his apostasy was motivated by spite based on perceived grievances against the Italian Jewish community.
That last sentence is untrue - it is simply a bit of internet defamation against someone who lived through an experience that the coward who wrote the sentence could never comprehend.